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1 начальная индукция
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > начальная индукция
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2 начальная индукция
Engineering: initial inductionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > начальная индукция
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3 начальная фаза
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4 пункт
1. point; stationначален/изходен пункт an initial/a starting pointподкрепителен пункт a refreshment standнаблюдателен пункт an observation point/postпревързочен пункт a dressing station; an aid' postмн.ч. towns and villagesмобилизационен/наборен пункт a recruiting stationам. an induction center2. (точка от програма, договори и пр.) item. article; paragraph3. печ. point* * *м., -ове, (два) пу̀нкта 1. point; station; захранващ \пункт (на мрежа) feeding centre; здравен \пункт health centre; избирателен \пункт poll station; команден \пункт command post; краен \пункт terminal point/station; destination; мобилизационен/наборен \пункт воен. recruiting station; амер. induction center; наблюдателен \пункт observation point/post; начален/изходен \пункт initial/starting point; опорен \пункт воен. strong point; key point; подкрепителен \пункт refreshment stand; превързочен \пункт dressing station; aid post; сборен \пункт meeting place/point, assembly place/point/post;3. полигр. point.* * *clause (в договор): an arguable пункт - спорен пункт; count: an initial пункт - начален пункт; post: a command пункт - команден пункт; station; vantage-ground (наблюдателен)* * *1. (на политическа програма) plank 2. (точка от програма, договори и пр.) item. article;paragraph 3. point;station 4. ам. an induction center 5. здравен ПУНКТ a health centre 6. команден ПУНКТ a command post 7. краен ПУНКТ a terminal point/station;destination 8. мн.ч. towns and villages 9. мобилизационен/ наборен ПУНКТ a recruiting station 10. наблюдателен ПУНКТ an observation point/post 11. населен ПУНКТ settlement, an inhabited locality, a population centre 12. начален/изходен ПУНКТ an initial/a starting point 13. опорен ПУНКТ воен. a strong point;a key point 14. печ. point 15. подкрепителен ПУНКТ a refreshment stand 16. превързочен ПУНКТ a dressing station;an aid' post 17. сборен ПУНКТ a meeting place/point,' an assembly place/point/ post -
5 Tesla, Nikola
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatiad. 7 January 1943 New York, USA[br]Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.[br]While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.Bibliography1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).Further ReadingM.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).GW -
6 interrupción
f.1 interruption, cut, pause, halt.2 interrupt.3 discontinuation.* * *1 interruption\sin interrupción uninterruptedlyinterrupción del embarazo termination of pregnancy* * *noun f.* * *SF [gen] interruption; [de trabajo] holdupinterrupción del fluido eléctrico — power cut, power failure
* * *femenino interruption* * *= breakdown, disruption, gap, interruption, stoppage, hiatus, break, break, discontinuance, discontinuation.Ex. Problems arise from the breakdown of the expressiveness of the notation of DC.Ex. An academic library should be extendible to permit future growth with minimum disruption.Ex. New editions will be essentially cumulations and therefore a longer gap will exist between editions.Ex. These might include security passwords, backup, restart and recovery programs and integrity checking, resumption after interruptions, skilled and novice level assistance, among other features.Ex. The induction course will give all the necessary employment details relating to such matters as the amount of leave entitlement, insurance stoppages, what to do in case of sickness, etc..Ex. 'Look, Mel,' said James after the hiatus, 'I'm irritated at the convoluted mess this simple case of filling a vacancy has become'.Ex. In terms of the reference process a break in the chain has occurred between the information need and the initial question.Ex. Deliberate editing requires time, preferably with a break between editing stints.Ex. If these students do not withdraw before the start of classes, they will be billed for tuition up to the official date of discontinuance.Ex. Many high selling products eventually see a drop in sales and eventual discontinuation, usually after being superseded by a superior product.----* con interrupciones = discontinuous, episodic.* interrupción del suministro = power shutdown.* interrupciones = heckling.* sin interrupción = continuously, without a break, without (a) rest, in an unbroken line.* sin interrupciones = in a single phase.* * *femenino interruption* * *= breakdown, disruption, gap, interruption, stoppage, hiatus, break, break, discontinuance, discontinuation.Ex: Problems arise from the breakdown of the expressiveness of the notation of DC.
Ex: An academic library should be extendible to permit future growth with minimum disruption.Ex: New editions will be essentially cumulations and therefore a longer gap will exist between editions.Ex: These might include security passwords, backup, restart and recovery programs and integrity checking, resumption after interruptions, skilled and novice level assistance, among other features.Ex: The induction course will give all the necessary employment details relating to such matters as the amount of leave entitlement, insurance stoppages, what to do in case of sickness, etc..Ex: 'Look, Mel,' said James after the hiatus, 'I'm irritated at the convoluted mess this simple case of filling a vacancy has become'.Ex: In terms of the reference process a break in the chain has occurred between the information need and the initial question.Ex: Deliberate editing requires time, preferably with a break between editing stints.Ex: If these students do not withdraw before the start of classes, they will be billed for tuition up to the official date of discontinuance.Ex: Many high selling products eventually see a drop in sales and eventual discontinuation, usually after being superseded by a superior product.* con interrupciones = discontinuous, episodic.* interrupción del suministro = power shutdown.* interrupciones = heckling.* sin interrupción = continuously, without a break, without (a) rest, in an unbroken line.* sin interrupciones = in a single phase.* * *interruptionme molestan tus interrupciones your interruptions are rather annoyingrogamos disculpen esta interrupción de la emisión we apologize for this break in transmissionCompuesto:termination of pregnancy* * *
interrupción sustantivo femenino
interruption;
interrupción sustantivo femenino interruption
interrupción del embarazo, termination (of pregnancy)
' interrupción' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alto
- corte
- detención
- reanudar
- receso
- seguida
- seguido
- suspensión
- vez
- cese
- continuamente
- continuo
- pausa
- tregua
English:
abortion
- break
- breakdown
- disruption
- distraction
- hiatus
- interruption
- solidly
- stop-off
- continuously
- disturbance
- gap
- let
- pause
- stoppage
- termination
* * *interrupción nf1. [corte, parada] interruptioninterrupción (voluntaria) del embarazo termination of pregnancy2. [de discurso, trabajo] breaking-off;[de viaje, vacaciones] cutting short3. [de circulación] blocking* * *sin interrupción non-stop* * ** * *interrupción n interruption -
7 вводный наркоз
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8 начальная доза
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9 начальная кривая намагничивания
1) Engineering: neutral magnetization curve2) Physics: virgin magnetization curve3) Electronics: initial magnetization curve, normal induction curveУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > начальная кривая намагничивания
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10 пункт
м.1. (в разн. знач.) pointначальный, исходный пункт — starting, initial point
кульминационный пункт — culmination, climax
конечный пункт — terminal, terminus
населённый пункт — settlement; populated area; воен. inhabited locality / area
опорный пункт воен. — strong point
командный пункт воен. — command post
2. ( организационный центр) stationмедицинский пункт — dispensary; воен. dressing-station; aid post
переговорный пункт — public (telephone) call-boxes pl.; ( междугородного телефона) trunk-call office
сборный пункт — assembly point / place
призывной пункт — recruiting centre; induction centre амер.
3. ( параграф) paragraph, item; point; ( политической программы) plankпо пунктам — point by point, paragraph after paragraph, item after item
читать по пунктам — read* paragraph by paragraph
по всем пунктам — at all points; at every point
4. полигр. point -
11 пункт
ч1) ( місце на земній поверхні) point; spotпункт прибуття — arrival station, place of arrival
населений пункт — settlement, housing estate, inhabited locality, populated area, built-up area
2) (приміщення, центр з певними функціями) center; post; stationмедичний пункт — medical post; військ. dressing station; aid post
пункт першої допомоги — first-aid [emergency] station
обмінний пункт — ( currency) exchange office
опорний пункт військ. — strong point
призовний пункт — recruiting centre; амер. induction center
переговорний пункт — public ( telephone) call-boxes, pay station; trunk-call office; public telephone
спостережний пункт військ. — observation post
3) ( параграф документа) article, item, clause, point, paragraphпункт порядку денного — item on (of) the agenda
пункт статті юр. — sub-section
4) ( окремий момент у розвитку) pointвихідний (початковий) пункт — starting ( initial) point
кульмінаційний пункт — culmination, climax
кінцевий пункт — terminal, terminus
5) муз. point6) полігр. point7) ек. ( мінімальна зміна ціни) point, tick8) юр. ( обвинувачення) count, charge, charge count -
12 пункт
м.1) ( место на земной поверхности) pointнаселённый пункт — settlement; populated area; воен. inhabited locality / area
пункт назначе́ния — destination
2) ( небольшой центр с определёнными функциями) post, office, stationмедици́нский пункт — medical post; воен. dressing station; aid post
се́льский медици́нский пункт — rural medical post
перегово́рный пункт — long-distance (telephone) office; trunk-call office брит.
пункт обме́на валю́ты — exchange office / desk
пункт приёма стеклота́ры — bottle redemption centre
сбо́рный пункт — assembly point / place
призывно́й пункт — recruiting [-'kruːt-] centre; induction center амер.
опо́рный пункт воен. — strong point
наблюда́тельный пункт — observation post
кома́ндный пункт воен. — command [-ɑːnd] post
пункт сбо́ра (и отпра́вки) донесе́ний воен. — message centre
3) ( параграф) paragraph, item, clause; ( политической программы) plankпункт меню́ информ. — menu item
пункт обвине́ния юр. — charge
по пунктам — point by point, paragraph after paragraph, item after item
отвеча́ть по пунктам — answer point by point
чита́ть по пунктам — read paragraph by paragraph
по всем пунктам — at all points; at every point
4) ( отдельный момент в развитии чего-л) pointнача́льный / исхо́дный пункт — starting / initial point
кульминацио́нный пункт — culmination, climax
коне́чный пункт — terminal, terminus
5) (очко; единица измерения) pointпункт ку́рса це́нных бума́г — price point
проце́нтный пункт — percentage point
6) полигр. point -
13 установка
1. ж. installation; plant, set; plantшина стирания; шина сброса; шина установки нуля — reset line
2. ж. installation, erection, mounting, assembly3. ж. adjustment; settingустановка валков — roll adjustment; roll setting
установка подтонального телеграфирования — sub-audio telegraph set; composite set
Синонимический ряд:указание (сущ.) директива; инструкция; предписание; указание -
14 Einarbeitung
f1. induction2. initial training -
15 Induktionsanfang
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16 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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